MVI Core Compendium
The National Mass Violence Center has compiled a Compendium of existing and adapted resources for victim service professionals, mental and behavioral health professionals, first responders, emergency management professionals, and community leaders that address Readiness, Response, and Resilience relevant to mass violence incidents.
The Compendium includes 26 modules that feature written and audiovisual resources, as well as intensive training strategies to increase knowledge and build professional and practical skills. The Compendium can be tailored to be delivered in-person, through virtual platforms, or by a hybrid training delivery process.
It is important to keep in mind that individuals learn and process information in many ways. Including an array of training methods, styles, and approaches increases our abilities to reach a wide range of victims, survivors, and trauma professionals and enables us to deliver information that reflects the diversity of our audience. We recognize that traumatic experiences and trauma-related symptoms may interfere with memory, learning and the ability to absorb new information, which can lead to avoidance of certain topics. Thus, awareness and sensitivity are critical to maximize uptake of information and to create a positive training/learning experience.
Please note, our intent is not to duplicate existing training resources or entities, such as the Office for Victims of Crime Training and Technical Assistance Center (OVC TTAC) toolkit or the seven existing Office for Victims of Crime Training and Technical Assistance Center webinars relevant to mass violence incidents. Rather, the aim of the compendium is to:
- Share our compilation of existing resources.
- Offer an array of training opportunities that complement existing content, with a specialty focus on behavioral and mental health.
- Provide information about other training resources as warranted.
This Compendium begins with an overview of the NMVVRC, followed by three sections focused on Readiness, Recovery and Resilience. Each section is divided into modules and include the following:
- A brief description of the module topic
- Learning objectives
- Relevant audio/video resources
- Module-specific worksheets and handouts
The National Mass Violence Victimization Resource Center will work with requestors to learn about the specific area(s) of interest and the training audience(s); develop learning objectives; and tailor a presentation that fulfills the learning objectives. For training activities conducted by our team, we will tailor content to meet the needs of individuals and communities. This will include specific learning activities, based upon Adult Learning Theory, and evaluation strategies. We also will serve as a liaison to connect requestors to other training resources as warranted.
Please please complete our contact form to obtain additional information about the core Compendium or to schedule a consultation meeting.
Module 1: COMMUNITY AWARENESS
This module focuses on the importance of knowing one’s community and its capacity to provide quality victim services following a mass violence incident, including how to best identify and engage community advocates, and build and support collaborations and partnerships.
1.1 Assisting Mass Violence Incident Victims with Disabilities
Learning Objectives
- Identify general recommendations to assist people with disabilities after a disaster.
- Describe effective strategies for emergency preparedness and emergency response.
- Describe why psychological first aid can be beneficial to people with disabilities.
- Identify effective strategies for effective psychosocial aftercare.
Resources
- Just Ask: A Toolkit to Help Advocates Meet the Needs of Crime Victims with Disabilities (End Abuse of People with Disabilities, 2020)
- Supporting Crime Victims with Disabilities Online Training Toolkit (End Abuse of People with Disabilities, 2020)
- Helping Children with Disabilities Cope with Disaster and Traumatic Events (CDC, 2019)
- Assisting People with Disabilities in Case of Disaster (European Network for Psychosocial Crisis Management, 2017)
1.2 Dealing with Hate Crimes
Learning Objectives
- Describe the aspects of a violent crime that designates it as a “hate crime” at the Federal and states’ levels.
- Identify previous mass violence incidents designated as hate crimes, and trauma-informed responses to victims and communities affected.
Resources
- Talking with your Children about Islamophobia and Hate-Based Violence (NCTSN, 2019)
- Talking to Children about Hate Crimes and Anti-Semitism (NCTSN)
- Cultural Competence Slide Deck (DC Mass Violence VAA, 2015)
1.3 Cross Training of Key Responders
Check back for Learning Objectives and Resources.
Module 2: ESTABLISH COLLABORATIONS AND PARTNERSHIPS, IDENTIFY ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
This module addresses the importance of establishing multidisciplinary collaborative partnerships, identifying existing community gaps and available resources, as well as needs for training and workforce development.
2.1 Overview
Learning Objectives:
- Describe how to assemble a multidisciplinary planning committee representing systems- and community-based agencies and organizations.
- Identify roles and responsibilities of committee members.
- Identify existing resources and resource gaps.
- Develop memoranda of understanding/ memoranda of agreement.
- Identify the guiding principle and four core values for a collaborative partnership.
- Identify additional resources for training.
- Identify your local and state emergency planning leaders.
- Develop strategies to integrate crime victim services into an all hazards emergency plan.
Resources
- Collaborations and Partnerships (NMVVRC)
- Creating a Joint Family Support Operations Team (NMVVRC)
- Types of Working Relationships (National Institute of Corrections, 1998)
2.2 Prepare Your Community
Learning Objectives
- Define mass violence incidents.
- Identify risk factors of recovery and resilience for victims that are required for the readiness phase.
- Describe current best practices in immediate and long-term mental and behavioral health responses to mass violence incidents.
- Discuss lessons learned and consider approaches for community preparedness.
Resources
- Preparing Your Community (NMVVRC; slide deck; Rheingold)
2.3 Preparing for a Mass Violence Incident: Role of Victim Service Providers and Partnerships
Learning Objectives
- Identify the local, state, Federal and Tribal victim service providers within a community who can help prepare for a mass violence response.
- Describe the specific roles and responsibilities of:
- (1) system-based victim service providers.
- (2) community-based victim service providers.
- Create a foundation to build a partnership that strengthens your community’s capacity to respond to a mass violence incident.
Resources
- The Role of Victim Assistance Professionals: Preparing for Mass Violence Incidents (NMVVRC Tip Sheet)
- Responding to MVI: Developing a Personal “Go Kit” (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018)
- Responding to MVI: Developing an Agency “Go Kit” (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018)
- The NMVVRC and the Importance of Partnerships (Mother Emanuel as case study), (slide deck, Best, 2019)
2.4 Preparing for a Mass Violence Incident: Role of Agencies and Communities
Learning Objectives
- Identify the local, state, Federal and Tribal agencies within a community that can help prepare for a mass violence incident response.
- Identify city, county and state leaders who are traditionally involved in mass violence incident readiness and response activities.
- Develop a strategy that incorporates and combines the experience and expertise of community agencies and leaders with the experience and expertise of victim service providers.
Resources
- A Guide for Agencies that Respond to MVIs (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018)
- Tips for Community Leaders – Managing Volunteers (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018)
Module 3: DEVELOP A COMMUNITY RESPONSE/EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT PLAN
This module focuses on development of a community response plan to help prepare for a potential mass violence incident.
Resources
- Readiness: Develop Emergency Management/Community Response Plan - List of Resources with Links (NMVVRC)
3.1 Emergency Planning for a MVI
Learning Objectives
- Determine the status of any existing community response/emergency management plan
- Contact and coordinate with plan’s developers to ensure the involvement of VSPs, with an understanding of the value they bring to emergency preparedness
- If needed, contribute to the development of a strategy within the plan for VSP involvement in all MVI readiness and response activities
- Help planners understand the evidence- and experiential-based scope of victims’ needs in the immediate period (0-48 hours) following a MVI
- Develop strategies to identify and address victims’ needs
- Identify the range of local, state, Federal, Tribal and national agencies and organizations that can help meet victims’ needs following a MVI
Resources
- Helping Victims of MVIs – The First 24-48 Hours – Part 1 (OVC TTAC)
- Final Report of Focus Group of VOCA Administrators (2018, NMVVRC)
- Final Report of Focus Group of Victim Compensation Administrators (2018, NMVVRC)
- Final Report of Combined VOCA/Victim Compensation Administrators (2018, NMVVRC)
- Emergency Planning for a MVI: Critical Needs of Crime Victims and the Role of VSPs (NMVVRC Tip Sheet)
- National Association of Crime Victim Compensation Boards: A Guide to Responding to Mass Casualty Incidents (NCJRS, OVC, 2000)
- Emergency Planning – Draft Curriculum Module (A. Smith)
3.2 Prepare for Active Shooter
Learning Objectives
- Describe law enforcement planning strategies that help prepare to respond to an active shooter.
- Identify the specific roles and responsibilities of first responders in cases involving active shooters.
Resources
- Be Prepared for an Active Shooter (FEMA Tip Sheet, 2018)
- Active Shooter: How to Respond Booklet (2008, October, U.S. Department of Homeland Security)
- After Action Report, Washington Navy Yard (2014, D.C. Metropolitan Police Department)
3.3 Prepare Schools
Learning Objectives
- Identify key school personnel that should be involved in MVI preparedness activities.
- Describe experience-based strategies and practice to help schools prepare for and respond to a MVI.
Resources
- Conducting Crisis Exercises and Drills (2013, NASP Tip Sheet)
- Threat Assessment at School – Brief Facts and Tips (2015, NASP)
- Supporting Children after Mass Violence: Resources for Educators (NCTSN, SAMHSA, PFA for Schools)
3.4 Role of Hospitals in Planning for MVIs and Transitioning to Community-based Victim Services
Learning Objectives
- Identify the respective roles of hospitals and Response Center/FAC professionals in assisting MVI victims.
- Collaborate with hospitals to ensure confidential, HIPAA-compliant record keeping with the capacity to identify the hospital location of victims for their families in a timely manner.
- Describe strategies that create collaborative approaches and partnerships between hospitals and VSPs to ensure a quality continuum-of-services to MVI victims when they return to their community.
Resources
- American Hospital Association four-part webinar series (2020, NMVVRC; Schmidt et. al.)
- Road to Resilience: Discover the NMVVRC
- Las Vegas Mass Shooting: Lessons from Health Heroes
- Preparedness & Response: Planning for Mass Violence
- Recovery & Resiliency: Building Community
Module 4: OVERVIEW OF TRAUMA AND IMPACT
This module focuses on the prevalence and impact of trauma, along with information related to establishing trauma-informed service systems.
4.1 Overview of Trauma and Impact
Learning Objectives
- Define mass violence.
- Describe the prevalence of mass violence incidents.
- List ways mass violence can impact communities, victims, survivors, family members and first responders.
- Identify strategies to help survivors, families, first responders and communities recover in the aftermath of a mass violence incident.
Resources
- Overview of Trauma and Impact (NMVVRC slide deck)
- Responding to Mass Violence Incidents (2019, NMVVRC slide deck; Saunders)
- The Three W’s: What is a Traumatic Event, What is the Impact and What Can We Do? (2019, NMVVRC slide deck; Hanson)
- The Potential Range of the Impact of Crime on Victims & Survivors Matrix (Harris Lord and Seymour, 2017)
4.2 Timeline of Activities to Promote Mental Health Recovery
Learning Objectives
- Describe evidence-based strategies that promote mental health recovery in the aftermath of a mass violence incident, including self-help strategies.
- Identify maladaptive strategies and how to avoid and/or mitigate them.
Resources
- Timeline of Activities to Promote Mental Health Recovery: Recommendations Before, During, and Following a Mass Violence Incident (2020, NMVVRC Tip Sheet)
- Fire Service Behavioral Health Rapid Response: Recommendations Following a MVI (2019, National Fallen Firefighters Association)
4.3 Trauma-Informed Care
Learning Objectives
- Describe evidence-based, trauma-informed care strategies for victims and communities affected by mass violence incidents.
- Identify the professionals involved in creating and implementing trauma- informed care for victims and communities.
Resources
- Trauma-Informed Care (Overview) (2018; NMVVRC slide deck; Rheingold)
- Trauma-Informed Care for Youth/Families (Hanson NMVVRC slide deck)
- Trauma-Informed Care for Youth/Families (Hanson NMVVRC Tip Sheet - TBD)
- Trauma-Informed Care and Suicide Fact Sheet (Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention)
- Trauma-Informed Schools (2018; NMVVRC PDF version of slide deck; Hanson)
- Creating, Supporting and Sustaining Trauma-Informed Schools – A System Framework (NCTSN)
Module 5: EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR MVI VICTIMS
This module addresses effective interventions for victims and first responders.
5.1 Interacting with Highly Distressed Victims
Learning Objectives
- Describe the impact of trauma on the lives of victims/survivors.
- Identify strategies that demonstrate empathy for victims.
- Recognize how organizational factors and personal reactions by providers can impact highly distressed persons.
- Identify techniques and skills that can be used to mitigate and defuse difficult situations.
Resources
- Interacting with Highly Distressed Victims (2018, NMVVRC slide deck; Best and Sands Belle)
5.2 What are Evidence Based Treatments (EBTs) and Evidence Based Practices (EBPs)?
Learning Objectives
- Describe the core components of evidence based treatments (EBTs).
- Describe the core components of evidence based practices (EBPs).
- Understand evidence based treatments (EBTs) and evidence based practices (EBPs) that are most effective for the immediate vs. intermediate and long-term response.
Resources
- What are Evidence-based Treatments and Evidence-Based Practices? (2019; NMVVRC Tip Sheet)
5.2A Assessment and Trauma-Informed Interventions
Learning Objectives
- Describe components of trauma-informed care services.
- Identify specific trauma-focused screening and assessment measures.
- Understand definitions for evidence-based practices (EBPs) and evidence-based treatments (EPTs).
- Identify specific evidence-based trauma-focused mental health treatments.
- Identify evidence based practices (EBPs) for youth/families.
Resources:
- Youth Trauma Screening & Assessment – Mental Health (2019, slide deck; Hanson)
5.2B Evidence Based Practices (EBPs) for Adults
Learning Objectives
- Identify specific trauma-focused screening and assessment measures for adult victims of trauma and mass violence incidents.
- Understand definitions for evidence-based practices (EBPs) and evidence-based treatments (EBTs).
- Identify specific evidence-based trauma-focused mental health treatments.
- Describe evidence based practices (EBPs) for adult trauma victims.
Resources
To be finalized
Module 6. FINANCIAL ISSUES
This module focuses on an array of financial issues that are important to consider as part of preparing for a mass violence incidents.
Learning Objectives
- Identify Federal, national, state and local resources that can help victims with financial recovery and planning in the aftermath of a mass violence incidents.
- Develop a general family disaster plan.
- Assess your property’s disaster vulnerability.
- Create an evacuation and communication plan.
- Identify strategies to protect your property, including having adequate insurance and implementing mitigation efforts.
- Describe effective actions to protect your health and life.
- Identify strategies to protect your loved ones.
- Identify strategies to protect your income.
- Describe actions that can help you protect your records, including what to keep and how to store it.
- Identify steps to help you recover from a disaster, including what to do on a financial basis in the event of a disaster.
Resources
- Social and Human Services (Coming soon, NMVVRC Virtual Resiliency Center)
- Disasters and Financial Planning (American Red Cross slide deck, 2015)
Module 1: COMMUNITY AWARENESS IN RESPONSE
This module focuses on the importance of increasing awareness of needs within the community to ensure the most effective response in the aftermath of a mass violence incidents.
1.1 Assisting Mass Violence Incident Victims with Disabilities
Learning Objectives
- Identify general recommendations to assist people with disabilities after a disaster.
- Describe effective strategies for emergency preparedness and emergency response.
- Describe why psychological first aid can be beneficial to people with disabilities.
- Identify effective strategies for effective psychosocial aftercare.
Resources
- Just Ask: A Toolkit to Help Advocates Meet the Needs of Crime Victims with Disabilities (End Abuse of People with Disabilities, 2020)
- Supporting Crime Victims with Disabilities Online Training Toolkit (End Abuse of People with Disabilities, 2020)
- Helping Children with Disabilities Cope with Disaster and Traumatic Events (CDC, 2019)
- Assisting People with Disabilities in Case of Disaster (European Network for Psychosocial Crisis Management, 2017)
1.2 Dealing with Hate Crimes
Learning Objectives
- Describe the aspects of a violent crime that designates it as a “hate crime” at the Federal and states’ levels.
- Identify previous mass violence incidents designated as hate crimes, and trauma-informed responses to victims and communities affected.
Resources
- Talking with your Children about Islamophobia and Hate-Based Violence (NCTSN, 2019)
- Talking to Children about Hate Crimes and Anti-Semitism (NCTSN)
- Cultural Competence Slide Deck (DC Mass Violence VAA, 2015)
Module 2: ESTABLISH AN INITIAL RESPONSE CENTER: INTERAGENCY ROLES AND COLLABORATION IN RESPONSE TO A MVI
This module emphasizes collaboration across agencies in responding to a mass violence incidents, starting with establishing an incident command center and clarifying the roles of different responding agencies and personnel (key professionals and agencies differ depending on organization and the scope and/or type of mass violence incidents).
2.1 What is an Incident Command System?
Learning Objectives
- Describe the role, responsibilities and personnel involved in a Joint Operations Center.
- Describe the role, responsibilities and personnel involved in, a Joint Information Center.
- Identify the roles of victim service providers to assist the Incident Command System, specifically in the timely creation of the initial mass violence incident Response Center and Family Assistance Center.
Resources
- Embracing the Incident Command System Above and Beyond Theory (W. Michael Phibbs, M.H.R., and Michael A. Snawder, FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2014)
- Responding to Victims of Terrorism and Other Mass Violence Crimes (OVC/American Red Cross)
- Unexpected Challenges for Communities during the Immediate Response of a Mass Violence Incident (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2019)
Module 3: ESTABLISH A FAMILY ASSISTANCE CENTER (FAC)
This module centers on specific steps and strategies to develop an FAC in response to a MVI.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the purpose and goals of a Family Assistance Center.
- Identify best practices in policies, procedures and protocols for Family Assistance Centers.
- Describe the roles and responsibilities of victim service providers in Family Assistance Centers and how they coordinate with other Family Assistance Center personnel.
Resources
- Tips for Community Leaders – Establishing a FAC (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018)
- Mass Fatality Incident – Family Assistance Operations: Recommended Strategies for Local and State Agencies (DOJ/FBI)
FAC Toolkits:
- State of Ohio FAC Field Operations Toolkit (Ohio State Coroners Association/CDC, 2017)
- Family Assistance Center Toolkit (Texas Department of State Health Services, 2016)
- Managing Mass Fatalities: A Toolkit for Planning, Santa Clara County Public Health Department
- Schools: Reunification Following School Evacuation: Guidelines for Administrators (NASP, 2015)
Module 4: FINANCIAL ISSUES
This module addresses financial issues and concerns that arise after a mass violence incident, including tips on how to manage donations, information about crime victims’ compensation, other potential financial resources, and guidelines to start the Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP) grant process.
4.1 Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP) Grant Applications
Learning Objectives
- Describe the core elements of how to apply for an Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP) grant.
- List the specific types of information required by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office for Victims of Crime for a successful Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP) application.
- Identify the key partners needed to successfully apply for an Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP) grant.
- Describe how to assess your community and its collective response to the mass violence incident for your Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP) application.
Resources
In Development:
- Mass Violence Incident Community Needs Assessment Guidelines
- Needs Assessment Template (NMVVRC, Companion to AEAP grant application template)
- AEAP Grant Application Template (NMVVRC, DRAFT)
4.2 Managing Donations
Learning Objectives
- Describe how to develop a plan to manage donations.
- Identify effective strategies to promote donation solicitation and management in traditional and social media.
- Identify best practices from other communities and states
Resources
- Tips for Donors Following MVI (NMVVRC)
- Tips for Community Leaders – Managing Donations (NMVVRC)
4.3 Crime Victims Compensation
Learning Objectives
In development
Resources
- Tips for Community Leaders: Funding & Victim Compensation Tip Sheet (NMVVRC, 2018)
- Crime Victim Compensation in Mass Casualty Incidents (DCVAA MVT, 2015)
- Disasters and Financial Planning Guide (American Red Cross)
Module 5: FIRST RESPONDER SUPPORT
This module addresses the needs of first responders, including firefighters, law enforcement, victim service providers, American Red Cross, etc. The emphasis is on strategies to address secondary and vicarious trauma, along with personal resilience.
Learning Objectives
- Describe effective steps to prepare for a disaster assignment – before, during and after the assignment.
- Identify stress and signs of stress.
- Describe everyday challenges that cause stress.
- Identify supportive parenting skills.
- Describe strategies to improve communications between parents and caregivers.
- Identify good tips on how to talk to children about a mass violence incident and related stress
- Identify skills to help you prepare prior to an assignment.
- Describe common responses and reactions that may occur after witnessing a traumatic event.
- Identify the key principles of resilience.
- Define “burnout” and its impact.
- Identify specific skills to build resilience.
- Describe agencies' policies and procedures related to death notification policies and protocols.
Resources
- Tips for Disaster Responders: Preventing and Managing Stress (SAMHSA)
- Strategies to Manage Challenges for EMS Families (NCTSN)
- Self-Care Tips for News Media (DART Center, 2009)
- Enhancing Personal Resilience (NMVRRC, Alma Dell Smith slide deck, 2020)
- Building Resilience in Responders & Survivors (Dr. Kevin O’Brien and DC Department of Behavioral Health slide deck, 2016)
Module 6: CHALLENGES IN THE IMMEDIATE RESPONSE
This module addresses important strategies for managing an array of challenges that arise in the immediate response phase of a mass violence event.
6.1 Media and Mass Violence Incidents
Learning Objectives
- Describe best practices for media professionals who cover mass violence incidents.
- Identify effective strategies for victim service providers to help victims protect their autonomy and privacy in the aftermath of a mass violence incidents.
- Provide basic guidelines for victims that promote ethical interactions with the media.
- Describe tips for community leaders to be effective spokespersons in the media post- mass violence incident.
Resources
- A News Media Guide for Victim Service Providers (Justice Solutions, 2009)
- After a Mass Violence Incident: Helpful Websites and Social Media Accounts (NMVVRC)
- Mass Violence Incidents and Social Media: A Guide to Hashtags (NMVVRC, 2018)
- Media Relations Tips for Newly Elected Officials (Institute for Local Government, 2014)
- Recommendations for Reporting on Mass Shootings (Suicide Awareness Voices of Education)
- Responsible Media Coverage of Crisis Events Impacting Children and Youth (NASP, 2018)
- Tips for Media Covering Traumatic Events (NCTSN)
DART Resources:
- A Reporter’s Lessons from Past Shootings (DART, 2011)
- Best Practices in Trauma Reporting (Dart Center, 2005)
- Children and Media Coverage of Trauma (DART, 2006)
- Covering Mass Killings (DART, 2011)
- Covering Trauma, Impact on Journalists (DART 2015)
- Covering Trauma, Impact on the Public (DART, 2005)
- Developing Your Own Standard Operating Procedure for Handling Social Imagery (DART Centre Europe)
- Working with Traumatic Imagery (DART, 2014)
- Working with Victims and Survivors (DART, 2011)
- Tips for Managers and Editors (DART, 2019)
6.2 Establish a System to Track Survivors Across Service Systems (i.e., Law Enforcement, Hospital and Other Services)
Learning Objectives
- Identify the specific types of information and data needed to document mass violence incident victims within agencies and across systems.
- Determine technology and databases needed to share information about the location of victims in the immediate aftermath of a mass violence incident, while ensuring HIPAA protections.
- Create a cross-agency policy/protocol to share confidential information about the location of victims among agencies, and provide location information to victims’ families.
Resources
In development
6.3 Dealing with Unexpected Challenges
Learning Objectives
- Describe the sources and intent of conspiracy theories and theorists.
- Identify effective strategies to provide timely, accurate information about a mass violence incident and its impact from a centralized, reliable source.
- Identify unexpected challenges and strategies to address them.
Resources
- Unexpected Challenges for Communities in the Aftermath of a MVI (NMVVRC, 2019)
- Survivors of Mass Shootings Face Renewed Trauma from Conspiracy Theorists (2018; National Public Radio)
- Why Do False Flag Conspiracy Theories Follow Mass Shootings? (2019, Psychology Today)
6.4 Victim and Survivor Confidentiality, Privacy, and Autonomy
Learning Objectives
- Describe, in general, the laws and policies that guide victim confidentiality and privacy, i.e. HIPAA, victim service provider agency policies, etc.
- Identify the importance of victim/survivor autonomy in decision-making related to their personal lives and cases.
Resources
- Protecting Victims’ Privacy: Confidentiality and Privilege Primer (2017, NCVLI)
- CCR Toolkit: A Privacy Toolkit for Coordinated Community Response Teams (2016, Victims’ Rights Law Center)
Module 7: VICTIM AND TRAUMA NOTIFICATION
This module highlights guidelines to provide sensitive, appropriate, and compassionate trauma notifications.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the partnerships necessary to provide sensitive trauma notification to survivors’ families.
- Identify the steps in an effective trauma notification.
- Describe the key components of the multi-media presentation, “Trauma Notification Training: Providing trauma notifications with professionalism, dignity, and compassion,” developed by the FBI.
- Understand the importance of law enforcement/coroners to partner with victim service professionals and mental health professionals to conduct trauma notifications.
- Identify the steps to follow-on with victims’ families after the trauma notification.
Resources
Module 8: IDENTIFY AND ADDRESS THE MENTAL HEALTH AND BEHAVIORAL NEEDS OF VICTIMS AND THE COMMUNITY
This module provides an overview and detailed training about specific, effective interventions to meet the mental and behavioral health needs of victims and their families.
8.1 Psychological Impact
Learning Objectives
- Describe issues to consider regarding the psychological impact of violence.
- Identify strategies to help victims cope with the psychological impact of a mass violence incident, including self-help tips.
- Describe tips to help victims avoid maladaptive coping strategies.
Resources
- Psychological Impact of Mass Violence (NCTSN)
- Psychological Impact of Mass Violence (NCTSN)
- Psychological Impact of the Recent Shooting (NCTSN)
8.2 Action Steps for Helping Someone in Emotional Pain
Learning Objectives
- Identify five action steps for somebody who is experiencing suicide ideation:
- Ask.
- Keep them safe.
- Be there.
- Help them connect.
- Stay connected.
Resources
- 5 Action Steps for Helping Someone in Emotional Pain (2018; NIMH)
8.3 Role of Victim Service Providers in Responding to Mass Violence Incidents
Learning Objectives
- Identify important partners needed to effectively respond to a mass violence incident.
- Describe effective, specific response activities for victim service providers.
- Identify strategies with allied first responders to create a survivor-centric response in the aftermath of a mass violence incident.
Resources
- The Role of Victim Services Professionals in MVIs: Readiness, Response & Resilience (2018; NMVVRC Tip Sheet)
8.4 Psychological First Aid (PFA) and Skills for Psychological Recovery (SPR)
Learning Objectives
- Describe principles of acute preventive interventions.
- Describe Psychological First Aid (PFA).
- Describe Psychological First Aid (PFA) Core Actions 1-6.
Resources
Psychological First Aid:
- Psychological Aid for First Responders Brochure (SAMHSA)
- PFA for Crime Victims, Prevalence and Assessment – Part 1, (2020; Rheingold & J. Williams)
- PFA Workshop: Enhancing Your Community’s Response – Part 2, PFA Series (NMVVRC Rheingold, 2020)
- PFA Workshop: Core Actions 1-3 (NMVVRC, 2020, Rheingold slide deck)
- PFA Workshop: Core Actions 4-5 (NMVVRC, 2020, Rheingold slide deck)
- PFA Workshop: Core Action 6 (NMVVRC, 2020, Rheingold slide deck)
- PFA Workshop: Core Actions 7-8 (NMVVRC, 2020, Rheingold slide deck)
- PFA Workshop – Putting It All Together and Vicarious Traumatization (NMVVRC slide deck)
- PFA Workshop Wrap-up - Special Considerations When Working with Homicide Survivors (2020; NMVVRC slide deck)
Skills for Psychological Recovery:
- Early Interventions, Theoretical Models (NMVVRC, slide deck)
- Overview_ Skills for Psychological Recovery for Victims of Crime (NMVVRC Rheingold, slide deck)
- Enhancing Your Community’s Response - Skills for Psychological Recovery, Overview, (2020; NMVVRC slide deck)
- Skills for Psychological Recovery for Victims of Crime – Managing Reactions and Promoting Healthful Thinking
- Skills for Psychological Recovery – Building Problem-solving Skills and Promoting Problem-solving Attitudes
- Skills for Psychological Recovery for Victims of Crime (Williams/Rheingold slide deck, 2020)
- Skills for Psychological Recovery – Special Considerations When Working with Homicide Survivors
- Skills for Psychological Recovery – Putting It All Together
- Skills for Psychological Recovery – Building Healthy Social Connections
- Skills for Psychological Recovery – Putting It All Together (2020, NMVVRC)
8.5 Effective Treatments for Mass Violence Incident Victims
Learning Objectives
- Describe evidence-based mental health treatment modalities for mass violence incident victims.
Resources
- Helping Children After Mass Violence Incidents (2020; NMVVRC, slide deck, Moreland)
- Working with Distressed Victims (NMVVRC, slide deck, Rheingold)
Module 9: MANAGE VICTIMS’ PERSONAL EFFECTS AND RETURN OF PROPERTY
This module provides information to help manage personal effects and return of property in the aftermath of a mass violence incident.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the challenges of returning personal effects and property to victims, in a manner that is trauma-informed and survivor-sensitive.
- Identify best practices documented from previous responses to mass violence incidents.
Resources
In development
Module 10: VOLUNTEER MANAGEMENT
This module provides information about screening for volunteers and increasing their awareness of effective interventions to meet the needs of mass violence victims and communities.
Learning Objectives
- Identify the core components of effective volunteer management.
- Describe the types of training to enhance volunteer screening, training, supervision, retention and evaluation.
Resources
- Volunteers (National Council of Nonprofits)
Module 1: TRANSITION FROM RESPONSE TO RESILIENCE
This module addresses important considerations in the transition from the response to resilience phase of a mass violence incident.
Learning Objectives
- Describe experience-based strategies to identify and address the short-term and long-term needs of a community following a mass violence incident.
- Summarize effective strategies to transition community assistance and services from a Family Assistance Center to other long-term support strategies, such as a Resiliency Center.
Resources
- Helping Victims of Mass Violence and Terrorism: 48 Hours and Beyond - Part 2 (OVC TTAC presentation)
- The Effects of Mass Murder on a Community (NMVVRC ppt; Best, Rheingold, 2018)
Module 2: COMMUNITY AWARENESS
This module focuses on ensuring that all efforts to address the needs of victims are responsive to needs and capacity within the community.
Learning Objectives
- Summarize the core components of a community needs assessment.
- Identify effective strategies for community outreach that are commensurate with a community’s demographics and diversity.
Resources
- Community Needs Assessment” Workbook (2013; Centers for Disease Control)
- Community Needs Assessment Resource Guide (National Community Action Partnerships, 2018)
Module 3: SET UP A RESILIENCY CENTER
This module provides tips and information to establish a Resilience Center (including virtual and hybrid models).
Learning Objectives
- Describe the planning steps needed to create a Resiliency Center, including development of guiding statements and measurable goals and objectives.
- Identify the key professionals, agencies and organizations are necessary for a collaborative Resiliency Center.
- Describe the important role of navigators within a Resiliency Center.
- Summarize the role of Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP) in financially supporting a Resiliency Center.
Resources
- Prepare for a Mass Violence Incident: Things to Know When Establishing a Resilience Center (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018)
- Four “navigator” position descriptions from NMVVRC Resiliency Center Directors’ Forum members
- AEAP Proposal Template (In development)
Module 4: BOLSTER COMMUNITY RESILIENCY
This module presents effective strategies to increase community resiliency, including identifying the long-term needs of survivors and their communities, how to manage commemorative events and memorials, and the importance of ensuring inclusivity of all those impacted by the event.
4.1 Identify and Address the Long-Term Needs of Survivors and Their Community
Learning Objectives
- Summarize current research about the long-term needs of mass violence incident victims, survivors and communities.
- Identify and apply effective victim needs assessment and community needs assessment processes.
- Explain the important role of victim service providers in meeting long-term victim and community needs.
Resources
- Active Shooter Recovery Guide (Department of Homeland Security, 2017)
- Best Practices Guidelines: Supporting Communities Before, During and After Collective Trauma Events (Australian Red Cross, 2018)
- Effects of Mass Violence Incidents on Communities: An Interim Report of Partial Findings from Parkland, El Paso, and Pittsburgh Needs Assessment Surveys (2020; NMVVRC)
- OVC Needs Assessment Report Template
- OVC Technical Assistance Guides/Guide to Conducting a Needs Assessment
- Resilience Following Hate Crimes: Information and Tips (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2019)
- The Effects of Mass Murder on a Community (NMVVRC/Best & Rheingold, PowerPoint, 2018)
- The Role of Victim Services’ Professionals in Building Resilience After MVIs (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018; REVISED Feb 2021)
- Tips for Community Leaders – Supporting Victims and Families (NMVVRC Tip Sheet)
- VOCA Needs Assessment: Gaps analysis
4.2 Commemorative Events/Memorials
Learning Objectives
- Describe the importance and necessity of ensuring that commemorative observances and memorials are survivor-centered and driven.
- Recognize and clarify the diverse roles of survivors, community leaders and others involved in sponsoring commemorative observances and memorials.
- Identify challenges involved in all commemorative activities and how to mitigate them.
Resources
- Community and Faith Leaders: Tips for Recognizing Anniversary Dates (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018)
- Five Ways to Deal with Anniversary reactions (Psychology Today article, 2016)
- Memorials: Helping to Heal (PPT; DC 2015 Victims of Terrorism & Mass Violence Crimes Academy)
- Memorials: Special Considerations When Memorializing an Incident (NASP, 2011)
- MSD One Year Commemoration Guidance Document (School Board of Broward County, 2019)
- Remembering Tragic Events as a Community: Creating a Permanent Memorial (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018)
- Special Considerations when Memorializing an Incident (NASP, 2011)
- Tips for Civic Leaders: Supporting your Community’s Remembering of Mass Violence Victims (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018)
- Tips for Families on Addressing the Anniversary (NCTSN)
Module 5: ESTABLISH VICTIM/SURVIVOR COORDINATING COUNCIL
This module continues the focus on strategies to build and sustain collaborations and partnerships within communities.
Learning Objectives
- Define effective strategies for Council goal attainment, meetings, and communications.
- Summarize draft mission, vision, values, measurable goals and objectives of a Victim/Survivor Coordinating Council.
- Identify the roles and responsibilities of Council leaders and members.
Resources
- Helping Victims of Mass Violence and Terrorism: 48 Hours and Beyond - Part 2 (OVC TTAC presentation)
- OVC Strategic Planning Toolkit, Section 3, “Create” (OVC TTAC presentation)
- Importance of Partnerships (NMVVRC/Best, slide show,2019)
Module 6: FINANCIAL ISSUES
This module focuses on guidelines for completion and submission of the Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP) grant for financial resources.
Learning Objectives
- Describe the purpose and goals of Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP).
- Summarize the core components of an Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP) application, including needs assessments.
- Implement an Antiterrorism and Emergency Assistance Program (AEAP) grant application through a practicum using the National Mass Violence Victimization Resource Center template.
Resources
- AEAP Proposal Template (In development)
- OVC TTAC guide for conducting a needs assessment
Module 7: IDENTIFY AND ADDRESS MENTAL HEALTH AND BEHAVIORAL NEEDS OF VICTIMS AND COMMUNITY MEMBERS
This module provides training on effective interventions to meet the mental and behavioral health needs of victims and their communities.
7.1 Trauma 101 (Overview of trauma and impact)
Learning Objectives
- Define trauma.
- Identify Diagnostic and Statistical Manual criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder.
- Describe psychosocial impact/common reactions to trauma.
- Identify factors that impact response to traumatic event(s).
- Differentiate between trauma-informed services vs. trauma-specific treatments.
- Describe a trauma-informed approach.
- Identify and practice ways to talk to children about traumatic events.
- Recognize the key factors of the “homicide differential” and trauma
- Describe typical models of grief process.
- Recognize when bereavement becomes problematic.
- Describe strategies that clinicians can use to assist those who are grieving.
- Understand common trauma responses to homicide.
- Define Evidence Based Treatments (EBTs).
- Identify early intervention strategies to assist survivors of homicide shortly after the death.
- Identify mental health treatment strategies to address traumatic grief for children and adults.
Resources
- Evidence Based Treatments for Traumatic Grief (NMVVRC, slide deck, Rheingold)
- Helping Children After MVIs (NMVVRC, Moreland)
- Irritability and Anger: What You Should Know (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, 2018)
- Trauma and Sleep (National Sleep Foundation; Witness Justice Tip Sheet)
- Special Considerations When Working with Homicide Survivors (NMVVRC, slide deck, Rheingold)
- Trauma and Sleep – National Sleep Foundation
- Trauma-Informed Care (NMVVRC slide deck – Rheingold, 2018)
- What are Evidence-Based Treatments and Practices – NMVVRC Tip Sheet
- Working with Distressed Victims (Rheingold, slide deck)
7.2 Address Mental Health/Behavioral Health Needs of Children/Youth
Learning Objectives
- Describe the range of possible age-specific trauma reactions among children and adolescents.
- Summarize the unique aspects of traumatic grief specific to children.
- Identify evidence-based strategies that can help children and adolescents cope with trauma and stress.
Resources
- Good/Bad Things to Say to Victims (Tip Sheet in development from Seymour, 2010)
- Engaging Children/Families in Treatment (NMVVRC slide deck, Hanson)
- Tips for Talking With and Helping Children Cope After a Traumatic Event (2013, SAMHSA)
- Talking to Children About Hate Crimes (NMVVRC Tip Sheet)
- TF-CBT Web 2.0 (MUSC Online Training Course)
- TF-CBT PRAC Overview - (NMVVRC, PPT, Hanson)
- TF-CBT TICE Overview (NMVVRC PPT, Hanson)
- TF-CBT Traumatic Grief (Hanson)
- Trauma and Suicide in Children (Centre for Suicide Prevention, Canadian Mental Health Association)
In Development
- After a Crisis: Helping Young Children Heal
- Helping Children Cope After Traumatic Events
7.3. Identify and Address Mental Health/Behavioral Health Needs of Adults
Learning Objectives
- Describe the impact of mass violence incidents on victims and survivors that are most likely to cause distress.
- Identify evidence-based techniques and self-help strategies that can help victims prevent and mitigate stress reactions.
- Summarize the range of potential mental and behavioral health reactions of adult victims of mass violence incidents.
- Identify common risk and protective factors relevant to mental & behavioral health reactions.
- Describe evidence-based strategies to help prevent and mitigate reactions, including self-help strategies.
Resources
- Building Resilience in Survivors and Responders (2016; slide deck, Dr. Kevin O’Brien, DC MV VAA)
- CPT ONLINE (NMVVRC)
- Therapeutic Exposure for Traumatic Grief (PowerPoint/webinar; Rheingold)
- Traumatic Grief Approach Day 1 (PowerPoint, Rheingold)
- Traumatic Grief Approach Day 2 (PowerPoint, Rheingold)
In Development
- Good/Bad Things to Say to Victims
7.4 Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Traumatic Grief
Learning Objectives
In development
Resources
- PE ONLINE (NMVVRC)
- Day 1, Session 1: Introduction to Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD (Williams and Rheingold slide deck) ALSO
- Day 1, Session 2 – Rationale and In Vivo Exposure (NMVVRC slide deck)
- Day 1, Session 3 – Imaginal Exposure (NMVVRC slide deck)
- Day 1, Session 4, Working with PE – Conclusion (NMVVRC slide deck)
- Day 2, Session 1 - Understanding Grief and Bereavement: Lesson Learned from PTSD Research and Clinical Considerations for Providers (NMVVRC slide deck)
- Day 2, Session 2 – Skills for Psychological Recovery – Intervention After Acute Loss (NMVVRC slide deck)
- Day 2, Session 3 – Building Resiliency (NMVVRC slide deck)
- Day 2, Session 4-Commemorative Imagery and Imaginal Exposure to Death Imagery (slide deck)
PE and Traumatic Grief Curriculum - Supplemental Materials
- Hello Again Letter
- Life Imprints (Rheingold)
- Response Letter (Rheingold)
- Commemorative Imagery and Imaginal Exposure to Death Imagery – Session Conclusion (slide deck)
- List of Resources for PE (NMVVRC, Word document)
- Suggested Reading List, Grief and Bereavement (April 2020)
- Understanding Loss and Grief (2019; NMVVRC: Rheingold)
7.5 Timeline of Mental Health Response
Learning Objectives:
- Understand when to share resources and recommended activities to improve mental health recovery of victims and family members over the course of an mass violence incident.
- Understand the different needs of victims and family members before, during and after a mass violence incident.
- Describe the different goals and activities for first responders across the phases of a mass violence incident.
Resources
- Timeline of Activities to Promote Mental Health Recovery: Recommendations Before, During, and Following a Mass Violence Incident (NMVVRC Tip Sheet, August 2020)
- Fire Service Behavioral Health Rapid Response – Recommendations Following a Mass Violence Incident (First Responder Center)
Module 8: INCREASE ACCESS TO SERVICES
This module addresses specific strategies to address barriers to victims to access services.
8.1 Telehealth
Learning Objectives:
- Summarize the role of data in support of telemental health for delivery of evidence-based mental health treatment.
- Describe policies and procedures relevant to telehealth, victim confidentiality and autonomy.
- Identify the positive and pragmatic aspects of using telehealth.
Resources
- Home-Based Telemental Health (Acierno, slide deck, 2020)
8.2 Victim/Survivor Apps
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the purposes of the Transcend NMVC app.
- Identify the modules of the Transcend NMVC app.
Resources
- Transcend NMVC (NMVVRC, slide deck)
- Transcend NMVC on Apple App store
- Transcend NMVC on Google Play store
8.3 Community-based Outreach Services
Learning Objectives:
- Describe the most effective techniques for reaching victims and survivors of mass violence incidents in measures that are commensurate with a community’s demographics and diversity.
- Identify self-help strategies – including support groups – that assist victims in the long-term aftermath of mass violence incidents.
Resources
- Specialized Services for Survivors of Homicide (NMVVRC, slide deck, Rheingold)
- How to Develop and Sustain a Support Group (LaRoche, Rheingold & Binion, slide deck)
8.4 Stepped Care Approaches
Learning Objectives:
- Define "stepped care." Describe the core components of a stepped care model.
- Identify specific examples of stepped care models for delivery of victim-related services.
Resources
In development
Module 9: VICTIM-CENTERED CRIMINAL JUSTICE INVESTIGATION
This module targets ways to conduct criminal justice investigations in a sensitive and effective manner.
9.1 Coordination with Law Enforcement, Prosecution, and Courts
Learning Objectives
- Summarize the core rights of victims at the state, Tribal and federal levels.
- Describe the roles and responsibilities of law enforcement, prosecution and court personnel, and victim service providers, in mass violence incident criminal justice processes.
- Identify effective self-care strategies for mass violence incident victims who go through criminal justice processes.
Resources
- Helping Victims And Survivors Maintain Emotional and Physical Well-Being Throughout Court Proceedings (NMVVRC)
- Coping Tips To Help You Through Court Proceedings (NMVVRC)
- Planning and Implementation Guide for Comprehensive and Coordinated Victim Assistance to MVI Victims During Trial (Coming soon)
9.2. Dual Jurisdictions for Criminal Prosecution (Federal, State, Tribal and/or a combination)
Learning Objectives
- Summarize the differences among jurisdictions that can have responsibility for mass violence incident criminal justice processes, including state, Tribal and federal.
- Identify effective strategies and outcomes of coordination and partnerships among different jurisdictions in dual-mass violence incident case scenarios.
- Describe the important role of victim service providers in creating cross-jurisdiction coordination and partnerships.
Resources
In development
9.3. Victims Statutory Rights
Learning Objectives
- Summarize the core constitutional and statutory rights of victims at the state levels.
- Describe the core elements of the Federal Crime Victims’ Rights Act.
- Identify effective strategies for criminal justice system personnel and VSPs to help victims understand and implement their constitutional and statutory rights under law.
Resources
- The Ten Core Rights of Victims (Seymour 2020 – includes Victim Law and NCVLI state directory)
- Large-scale Criminal Incident Resource Guide for Recovery & Resiliency (In development)
9.4. Victim Advocacy
Learning Objectives
- Describe the key roles and responsibilities of victim service providers in assisting mass violence incident victims.
- Identify the importance of helping mass violence incident victims navigate support and services across Federal, national, Tribal, state and local systems.
Resources
- Quality Victim Advocacy: A Field Guide (2010; David L. Voth)
Module 10: SELF-CARE FOR VICTIM PROFESSIONALS
This module addresses effective, evidence-based strategies to address secondary trauma and foster personal resilience for victim services providers.
10.1 Vicarious/Secondary Trauma
Learning Objectives
- Define vicarious trauma, secondary trauma, stress and burnout.
- Describe risk factors that increase mass violence incident victims’ likelihood of having stress or vicarious trauma.
- Identify protective factors and evidence-based strategies to prevent and mitigate the consequences of vicarious trauma, secondary trauma, stress and burnout.
Resources
- Building Resilience in Responders and Survivors (O’Brien, K.M., DC Department of Behavioral Health)
10.2. Foster Personal Resilience
Learning Objectives
- Define "resilience."
- Describe individual and demographic factors that affect one’s capacity for resilience.
- Identify evidence-based strategies to build and/or strengthen individual resilience
Resources
- Self-Care (NMVVRC; A. Smith)
- Rest and Relax (NMVVRC; A. Smith)
- Meditation for Life (NMVVRC; A. Smith)
- Get Up and Move (NMVVRC; A. Smith)
- Stress and Resilience 101 (Rheingold)
10.3. Group After-Action Briefing
Learning Objectives
- Identify the core elements of group after-action briefings for victim service providers and other first responders.
- Participate in a practicum to learn effective after-action briefing techniques.
Resources
In development
Module 11: AFTER ACTION REPORT GUIDELINES
This module provides guidelines for developing after-action reports, and includes lessons learned from communities impacted by mass violence. This is specific to victim services.
Learning Objectives
- Identify the core elements of after-action reports.
- Describe key mass violence incident response personnel who should be interviewed for an after-action report, including victim service providers.
- Identify the specific after-action report topics relevant to victim services, mental and behavioral health.
Resources: